Kushyar ibn Labban

Abul-Hasan Kūshyar ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani (971–1029), also known as Kūshyar Gilani was a mathematician, geographer, and astronomer from Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea, Iran.

His main work was probably done about the beginning of the eleventh century, and seems to have taken an important part in the elaboration of trigonometry. For example, he continued the investigations of Abul Wáfa, and devoted much space to this in his zij (or collection of tables) az-Zīj al-Jamī wal-Baligh (“the comprehensive and mature tables”), which incorporated the improved values of the planetary apogees observed by al-Battani. The tables were translated into Persian before the end of the century. He wrote also an astrological introduction and an arithmetic treatise Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind (Principles of Hindu Reckoning, extant in Arabic and Hebrew).

He was the teacher of Ahmad Nasawi. He is thought to have died in Baghdad.

From his works we know that Kushyar was primarily an astronomer who wrote texts on astronomy and geography. He produced astronomical tables and also wrote a work on the astrolabe. Most significant in terms of this archive is his work on Hindu reckoning being the earliest known work on Arabic arithmetic which deals with Hindu numerals. An earlier text by Abu’l-Wafa on arithmetic did not use Hindu numerals.

Kushyar’s Principles of Hindu reckoning was written about 1000 AD. In its importance is described as follows:-

Kushyar ibn Labban’s Principles of Hindu reckoning … is singularly important in the history of mathematics, not only for its mathematical content, but also for its linguistic interest and its relation to earlier and succeeding algorisms. It may be the oldest Arabic mathematical text using Hindu numerals, and ibn Labban’s concepts reveal considerable originality …

Let us consider the Principles of Hindu reckoning in a little more detail. The first point to note is that Kushyar uses a symbol for zero, but does not use any separating symbol to distinguish the fractional part of a number from the integral part. He discusses decimal numbers in the main body of the text, relegating sexagesimal numbers to a separate treatment in tables. Topics considered include addition and subtraction of decimal numbers followed by multiplication and division of decimal numbers. Kushyar gives methods to construct exact square roots, as well as approximate methods to calculate the square roots of non-square numbers. Similarly he gives methods to construct exact cube roots, and an approximate method to calculate the cube root of a non-square number. As a check on the accuracy of his results, Kushyar uses the method of “casting out nines” or “checking the nines” which basically checks that the sums are correct modulo 9.

Levy and Petruck write in :-

“Ibn Labban’s Arabic text was written in a highly abbreviated style that must have been difficult to understand when studied alone. It is easily seen, therefore, why al-Nasawi found it worthwhile to elaborate on the work of his teacher … ”